GEOAI-BASED SPATIOTEMPORAL ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE URBAN HEAT ISLAND DYNAMICS AND LAND COVER CHANGE USING GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE: EVIDENCE FROM MANADO CITY, INDONESIA
Rapid urbanization has significantly transformed land cover patterns and intensified the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) phenomenon in many tropical cities, posing increasing environmental and public health challenges. However, comprehensive long-term assessments integrating land cover dynamics, land surface temperatu...