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Esmatullah Karimi

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Open access Sep 2026

Does economic policy uncertainty affect public pension spending? Evidence from Japan

We study the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on public pension spending (PPS) in Japan from 1997 to 2024, employing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach alongside kernel-based regularized least squares (KRLS), a machine learning method that does not require a predefined functional form. The...

Esmatullah Karimi, Fei Fan · 0 citations

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