High-Volume Cement Replacement with Oil Shale Ash and Metakaolin in Pre-Blended Compositions for 3D Printing
This study presents the development and comprehensive characterisation of a sustainable 3D-printable cementitious composition in which up to 40 wt.% of Portland cement was replaced by a ternary binder containing oil shale ash (OSA) and metakaolin (MK). Following laboratory optimisation, the developed formulations were...