An integrated framework for PAT micro-hydropower: experimental characterization, NSGA-II impeller-volute optimization, and resin MSLA manufacturing
Pump-as-Turbine (PAT) technology offers a cost-effective route for micro-hydropower in off-grid Andean communities, but adoption remains limited: manufacturers rarely publish turbine-mode curves, and the available geometries were originally designed for pump operation. This paper presents a framework that combines base...