Open access
Sep 2026
Impact of hydrothermal carbonization on heavy metal speciation and risk in waste-activated sludge
Wastewater treatment plants are increasingly transitioning toward resource recovery, with sewage sludge considered a potential feedstock for soil amendments. However, concerns regarding heavy metal content, bioavailability, and long-term environmental risk remain key barriers. This study evaluates hydrochars derived...
Ali Ahmad Shahnawazi, Harry Tibbetts, Lara Carvalho et al.
· Water Science & Technolo... · 0 citations