Retrograde transcatheter closure of perimembranous and muscular ventricular septal defects in pediatric and adult patients: 12month outcomes in a case series of 60 patients from Iran
BACKGROUND: Conventional antegrade transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) requires prolonged fluoroscopy and risks right-heart complications. This study evaluated the safety, efficacy, and 12-month outcomes of the retrograde approach using direct left ventricular access in pediatric and adult patien...