Author

Fatima Ashraf

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Preprint Aug 2026

High-Order Liquid Evidence Encoding for Gradual GNSS Spoofing Detection in Autonomous Driving

A causal high-order liquid evidence framework for GNSS spoofing detection that achieves the highest F1-scores among the evaluated temporal models on Dataset~1 and Dataset~3, and detects both labeled normal-to-attack transitions within four sampling steps.

Muhammad Ayub Sabir, Junbiao Pang, Fatima Ashraf · 0 citations