INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK OF ISLAMIC EDUCATIONAL GOALS: COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES OF MUHAMMAD ABDUH, AL-GHAZALI, AND IKHWAN AL-SAFA
Contemporary Islamic education continues to face tensions between intellectual development, spiritual formation, and moral education. Previous studies have largely examined Muhammad Abduh, Al-Ghazali, and Ikhwan al-Safa separately, leaving limited comparative and conceptual integration of their educational goals. This...