Preprint
Aug 2026
Quantum annealers as programmable thermal machines
Programmable quantum annealers are used for optimization, probabilistic sampling, and simulation, but their performance is commonly reported without the energy exchanged during computation. Here we characterize the D-Wave quantum annealer as a closed thermodynamic cycle. From initial and final Ising energies and an eff...
Jakub Pawłowski, Tomasz Śmierzchalski, Fengping Jin et al.
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