Multi-Objective EV Routing with Recharging, Battery-Swapping, and K-Means Station Siting for Ride-Hailing Fleets in Medan City
Electric vehicle adoption requires routing strategies that address travel efficiency and battery-energy constraints. This study develops a Multi-Objective Electric Vehicle Routing Problem (EVRP) model for two-wheeled electric ride-hailing services in Medan City, Indonesia. The model minimizes total travel distance and...