Enhancing 5G NTN VSAT RACH in GNSS-Denied Environments: A Multi-Step Single-Satellite AoA/FoA/ToA Positioning Using Levenberg–Marquardt Kalman Filtering
The 3GPP 5G Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) technology fundamentally relies on a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) fix at the User Equipment (UE) to pre-compensate for user-link delay and Doppler shifts prior to any transmission, including the random-access procedure for the initial access. In GNSS-denied or inte...