Preprint
Sep 2026
Missing Dimensions: Integrating Human and Social Systems into Digital Twin Engineering
Digital twins (DTs) have emerged as a key technology at the core of digital transformation, yet their engineering practice remains too narrowly focused on engineered and natural systems. This paper argues that four system dimensions must be explicitly recognized in DT engineering: Engineered, Natural/Biological, Human,...
Francis Bordeleau, M. van den Brand
· 0 citations