Frederick F. Lang

Music-STAR trial: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial to assess the impact of live and recorded music-based interventions on preoperative stress, mood, pain and biomarkers in neurosurgical patients

Abstract Introduction Neurosurgical patients commonly experience significant preoperative anxiety, which can negatively impact surgical outcomes and recovery trajectories. Music, as a powerful neurophysiological modulator of the human stress response, offers a non-pharmacological, non-invasive and cost-effective approa...