Open access
Jul 2026
Hybrid 1D CNN-BiLSTM with focal loss for robust intrusion detection in in-vehicle CAN networks
These findings confirm that a combination of spatial feature extraction, temporal sequence modeling, and imbalance-aware optimization not only ensures but also delivers a highly effective and more reliable intrusion detection solution for in-vehicle CAN network security.
A. Malini, Gerardine Immaculate Mary
· PLoS ONE · 0 citations