Author

Gongshen Liu

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Preprint Aug 2026

UrbanGround: From Local Perception to Spatial Agency in a Real-Scale City

This paper proposes UrbanGround, the first sandbox to make this question testable in a physically constrained replica of Hong Kong built from territory-wide 3D geospatial data, and hopes it will support broader study of how far current MLLM agents can explore reliably in complex, open-ended urban environments.

Tianjie Ju, Zheng Wu, Yueqing Sun et al. · 0 citations