Improving wind flow simulation over complex terrain for wind resource assessment through a hybrid data-driven and physics-informed generalized k– ω framework
Accurate prediction of wind speed and turbulence over complex terrain remains challenging because terrain-induced separation and atmospheric boundary layer turbulence are not fully represented by conventional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) closure models. This study develops Mod-GEKO-ML, a hybrid framework comb...