Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent hyporesponsiveness in chronic kidney disease: mechanistic insights and emerging precision approaches
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) remain a cornerstone of anemia management in chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, some patients show an inadequate hemoglobin response despite appropriate or increasing ESA exposure. ESA hyporesponsiveness is clinically important because persistent dose escalation may prov...