IDENTITY UNDER PRESSURE: NATIONALISM AND IMPERIAL REFORM IN THE AGE OF THE ISLAHAT EDICT
Nineteenth-century Ottoman history has long been interpreted through a Eurocentric lens that depicts the empire as a passive actor shaped primarily by European intervention. Within this framework, the Tanzimat Edict of 1839 and the Islahat Edict of 1856 are often understood as externally imposed concessions, particular...