16S rRNA Metagenomic Profiling of Soil Bacteria in Mangrove Ecosystem of Northern Kendal
Mangrove ecosystems play a critical ecological role in coastal protection, habitat provision, and the maintenance of biogeochemical cycles, thereby contributing to climate change mitigation and adaptation while reducing the impacts of ecosystem degradation in coastal environments. This study aimed to characterize the community structure and relative abundance of soil bacteria in mangrove ecosystems along the northern coast of Kendal across different anthropogenic disturbance conditions. To address this, we performed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform at four sites representing contrasting environmental conditions. Results showed microbial communities were dominated by the phyla Pseudomonadota, Bacillota, and Bacteroidota, with halotolerant coastal genera such as Vibrio , Marinomonas , and Microbulbifer being abundant. Lower bacterial diversity in more disturbed sites suggests potential environmental stress associated with settlement activities, aquaculture influence, and organic pollution inputs that may alter mangrove sediment conditions. By describing the taxonomic structure of bacterial communities, this study provides baseline information on mangrove soil microbiota and contributes to a better understanding of microbial diversity in coastal ecosystem. These findings contribute to SDG 13 (Climate Action) and SDG 14 (Life Below Water) by improving understanding of microbial components supporting mangrove ecosystem resilience.