Astragalus polysaccharide protects photoreceptors from hypoxic injury via a multi-mechanism network involving mitochondrial stabilization and enhanced autophagy.
APS protects photoreceptors against acute hypoxic injury through a multi-target mechanism modulating oxidative stress, mitochondrial stabilization, dual apoptosis inhibition, and autophagy activation, with a concentration-dependent safety profile, but its benefit is limited under prolonged hypoxia.