Server-Enforced Watermarking in U-Shaped Split Federated Learning
Sigil, a server-enforced watermarking framework for U-SFL, defines a secret watermark constraint in the server-visible activation space and embeds the watermark into client-side models by injecting a watermark gradient into the gradients returned during training.
Zhengchunmin Dai, Jia-Xiong Tang, Peng Sun et al.
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