Transient Interfacial Electron Transfer: The Hidden Kinetic Driver of Graphite Lithiation.
Graphite (Gr) lithiation is fundamentally an electron-driven process, where the temporal disparity between femtosecond-scale (10-15 s) interfacial electron transfer (IET) and picosecond-to-nanosecond (10-12 ∼ 10-9 s) ion migration dictates a non-concerted kinetic response. Since electrons respond instantaneously to pot...