Open access
Aug 2026
Enhancing ECG Classification Using Systematic Cubic Spline Control Points with Deep Neural Networks
Results indicate that SMOTE balancing coupled with spline-based preprocessing is a valuable scientific and practical approach to build reliable, scalable, and clinically applicable ECG classification systems.
Hussein Qahtan Khalaf, A. Maolood, Nor Shahida Mohd Shah
· Engineering and Technology J... · 0 citations