Unveiling Security Traits of Cross-Platform Android Applications: A Large-Scale Empirical Study
Cross-platform frameworks such as Flutter and React Native are increasingly adopted in Android application development, yet their security characteristics at scale remain insufficiently understood. In this paper, we present an empirical security characterization of 3,000 Android applications, consisting of 1,000 Flutter-based applications, 1,000 React Native apps, and 1,000 Kotlin-based native applications used as a baseline. Using MobSF and FlowDroid static analysis, we analyze security assessment scores as well as the prevalence of warning-level and high-severity findings across these development ecosystems. The results show consistent but modest differences in average scores and reported finding distributions, with cross-platform applications exhibiting distinct distributional patterns compared to native Kotlin applications. These observations do not imply framework-level vulnerabilities. Rather, they reflect ecosystemlevel tendencies associated with framework architectures, build configurations, and commonly used dependencies. This study characterizes Android security traits reported by static analysis tools and demonstrates that cross-platform and native applications should be interpreted with framework context in mind.