Author

I. Akpan

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Open access Jul 2026

Cybersecurity Risk in Industrial Control Systems in Industry 4.0

A System Risk Index (SRI) is constructed that aggregates vulnerabilities to the vendor-year level, weighted by severity and exploitability, and indicates that digital transformation redistributes risk into a connected, vendor-level property of the infrastructure beneath product–service delivery.

Imo Enang, Iniobong Enang, I. Akpan · Syst. · 0 citations