Fire Risk Assessment and Evacuation Routes in Coastal Settlements: Leato Selatan
Fire risk assessment in dense coastal settlements often stops at categorical vulnerability classification without informing evacuation planning. This study develops an integrated multi-scale framework that links Fire Risk Index (FRI) quantification with spatially explicit evacuation route optimization. The analysis was conducted in a high-density coastal settlement comprising 148 housing units. At the macro scale, the settlement-level FRI of 5.088 classifies the area as High risk, driven primarily by the absence of active fire protection systems rather than extreme structural combustibility. At the micro scale, building-level FRI values range from 10 to 18, with 89.86 percent of units categorized as High and 8.78 percent as Very High. Spatial overlay identifies localized clusters of Very High-risk buildings along western and central corridors. Evacuation routes were evaluated using a deterministic criteria-based approach integrating geometric distance, exposure minimization, network connectivity, and access width verification. The selected routes minimize both travel distance and intersection with clustered Very High-risk buildings, demonstrating that shortest-path logic alone does not ensure reduced exposure. The shoreline was designated as the primary safe zone based on explicit spatial separation and accessibility criteria. The proposed framework advances FRI from static classification to a spatial decision-support tool for disaster risk reduction in dense coastal settlements.