Iftekharul Haque

A Critical Narrative Review Emphasizing Graves’ Disease to Determine If a Bidirectional Brain–Thyroid–Immune Loop Exists in Stress, Anxiety and Hyperthyroidism

Graves’ disease (GD), the commonest cause of hyperthyroidism, is frequently associated with anxiety, irritability and insomnia. Stressful life events have long been proposed as triggers of GD, raising the possibility of a bidirectional brain–thyroid–immune loop. This narrative review critically evaluates evidence for b...