Artificial Intelligence and Edge Computing for Sustainable Smart Water-Safety Monitoring in Low-Resource Communities: A Critical Review
Poor water quality monitoring and delayed responses to pollution remain major challenges in low-resource areas. Traditional methods of monitoring water and wastewater resources are ineffective because they take a long time to report contamination. Therefore, this critical review aims to examine how a combination of artificial intelligence (AI) and edge computing can comprehend decentralised, real-time water quality monitoring, even in areas with limited infrastructure and internet, constrained maintenance capacity, and shortages of skilled personnel. To our knowledge, this study is a first-of-its-kind integrated framework that showcases edge AI architectures and refers to specific operational, societal, and infrastructural limitations in the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) sector. The synthesis clearly shows that the implementation of edge AI techniques has the capability to improve global water quality through immediate pollution detection, disaster forecasting, and automatic filter or alarm response without the need for cloud infrastructure. The examples given from developing countries support this statement by demonstrating that the technologies are low-cost and implementable in the long term. The problem of sensor calibration, data quality, and energy efficiency was identified as the most important implementation challenge. There is enough evidence of pilot-scale tests, but long-term validation of the technology in field trials is needed. The authors also present future research directions, such as the integration of AI, edge computing, machine learning, and IoT, and open-source edge frameworks. Edge AI systems provide promising avenues for decentralised water safety surveillance in low-resource communities in real time and can support the sustainable development goals of the United Nations through the realisation of clean water and sanitation for all.