Isaac Nana Kissi Darko

Biofilm-Associated Immune Vulnerability in Streptococcus pneumoniae: Virulence-Factor Remodeling and Therapeutic Implications for Invasive Disease

Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilms contribute to persistent carriage, immune evasion, and progression to invasive disease. Recent studies indicate that the biofilm state alters the display and function of key surface-associated virulence factors, including PspA, PspC, and LytA, and may reduce susceptibility to complemen...