Review
Open access
Aug 2026
Anisotropic Behavior of 3D-Printed Concrete: Interlayer Bonding, Pore Architecture, Reinforcement Limitations, and Durability Mechanisms
The structural use of three-dimensional concrete printing remains limited by the directional weakness introduced during extrusion and layer-by-layer deposition. Although 3DPC offers major advantages in formwork elimination, architectural freedom, and automated construction, its printed architecture produces interfaces,...
A. Mardani, M. Hematibahar, Selin Özteber et al.
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