How food structure and processing govern metabolizable energy: a critical review of the food-matrix determinants of energy availability and the limits of the Atwater accounting.
Food energy is usually reported using Atwater factors: composition-based coefficients that treat metabolizable energy as a function of macronutrient mass rather than food structure. Yet a growing food-science literature shows that metabolizable energy can diverge materially from Atwater predictions according to the int...
J. Louie
· Food Research International · 0 citations