Javier J. Amores

Detecting and Categorizing Islamophobic Hate Speech on Spanish Twitter/X

Islamophobic hate speech on social media includes overt toxicity and contextual frames that associate Muslims with invasion, criminality, cultural threat, or racialized exclusion. This study examines 21,326 Spanish-language tweets about Islam and Muslims posted in Spain between 2010 and 2022. We combine human annotatio...