Author

Jiajia Lin

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2026

How Transaction Costs and Relational Governance Shape Public–Private Partnership Contract Termination in China

Governments around the world use public–private partnerships (PPPs) to deliver infrastructure projects, but the complexity of such projects often generates high transaction costs, increasing the risk of contract termination. Relational governance, based on trust and flexibility, is theorized to help manage these costs, though its real-world effectiveness remains contested. Drawing on transaction cost economics and relational governance theory, this study develops a governance misalignment perspective that links project-level transaction hazards and governance mechanisms to PPP termination outcomes. We analyze PPP agreements awarded in China from 2014 to 2020 using event-history analysis. The results indicate that transaction costs exert asymmetric effects: higher asset specificity reduces termination risk through “lock-in” effects, whereas greater performance ambiguity significantly increases the likelihood of failure. Relational governance mechanisms initially mitigate termination risk, but their protective impact weakens as transaction costs rise, revealing the conditional limits of relational governance in complex PPP projects. These findings show that PPP contract termination is better understood as a governance-misalignment outcome than as a generic project failure. More broadly, the study contributes a project-level explanation of PPP termination with implications beyond China, particularly for PPP settings where public authority, political oversight, and contractual adaptation are closely intertwined.

Wei Xiong, Jiajia Lin, Carter B. Casady · IEEE transactions on enginee... · 0 citations

Preprint Jul 2026

MPIE-Bench: Benchmarking Anatomically Plausible Multi-Person Interaction Editing

Text-to-image and personalized editing models now synthesize high-fidelity single-subject images with ease. Yet placing multiple named people into shared contact actions such as embrace, carry, or grapple still exposes major failures: fused limbs, invented extremities, and interpenetrating bodies. Existing evaluations largely overlook these anatomical and geometric issues, and VLM-as-a-judge checklists often saturate on Interaction while the errors remain obvious to humans. We introduce MPIE-Bench, a 2,500-sample benchmark of video-mined editing triplets spanning 405 scenes, 14 interaction categories, and four contact densities (C0-C3). We also propose MPIE-Eval, whose two new axes score contact-time geometry from a frozen public multi-person mesh reconstruction. Anatomy asks whether every human-like mass is explained by a complete set of reconstructed bodies, and Interaction asks whether the penetration and surface distance between those bodies match the contact the instruction asked for. Across ten editors, mesh Anatomy tops out at 0.65 and mesh Interaction at 0.72 on two different models, so no single editor is strong on both, while VLM checklists rate the same images above 0.95. A five-rater study confirms that both axes track human judgement more closely than a zero-shot VLM judge, and the rankings hold under ablation of every weight and threshold.

Jiajia Lin, Mingxuan Du, Tuowen Zhou et al. · 0 citations