Jian Chen

When Is Shallow Enough? Adaptive Split Federated Learning with Client-Specific Sufficiency Estimation

A client-specific adaptation channel based on private prompt tokens, which tracks local adaptation dynamics separately from the shared backbone and provides a lightweight signal for detecting whether client adaptation remains active, and a shallow sufficiency estimator that combines cross-client semantic alignment, temporal interface stability, and prompt-state variation to estimate whether the shallowest split is already sufficient.