Jie Shao

Hydrogel-integrated osteogenic microtissues promote repair of infected intervertebral defects through sequential immunomodulation

Intervertebral infection remains difficult to treat because the adult intervertebral disc is avascular, hypoxic, and poorly perfused, limiting drug penetration, immune-cell trafficking, and metabolic waste clearance. Solving this problem requires localized control of bacteria while reconstructing a microenvironment cap...