Author

Jingrao Zhang

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Preprint Aug 2026

Operational digital twin clinics enable task-based evaluation of embodied AI

Embodied artificial intelligence (AI) must be tested in the clinical environments where it will operate, but building realistic, robot-testable settings is costly and difficult to scale. Here we show that routine clinic images can be transformed into operational digital twins for task-based evaluation of embodied AI. U...

Xinyuan Wu, Jingrao Zhang, Meng-Di Xu et al. · 0 citations

Review Open access Jul 2026

Toward Autonomous Clinics: Human–Robot Collaboration in Clinical Care

Robotic systems are entering clinical care, but full autonomy remains constrained by patient variability, safety requirements, dynamic clinical environments, and the need for professional oversight. Human–robot collaboration (HRC) offers a more realistic path: clinicians retain judgment and responsibility, while robots...

Xinyuan Wu, Jingrao Zhang, Mengdi Xu et al. · MedComm · 0 citations