Effectiveness of an LMS-Based Visual–Linguistic Instructional Design for Enhancing University Students’ Understanding of Pancasila Values: A One-Group Pretest–Posttest Study Across Two Disciplinary Cohorts
Learning Management Systems (LMS) increasingly mediate values education, yet the pedagogical alignment between multimodal interface design and civic-values learning remains underexamined. This study investigated whether a visual–linguistic instructional design grounded in the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning (CT...