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K. Adhikari

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Jul 2026

Presentation by Virally Infected Cells of Antigenic Proteins Utilized in Natural Killer Cell Antibody-Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity (ADCC) 2256335

The presence of viral proteins in the plasma membranes of infected cells is essential for natural killer (NK) cell antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). However, many enveloped viruses assemble inside cells rather than budding out through plasma membranes. Thus, the presence of viral proteins in plasma membranes of infected cells is uncertain, as is which of several viral structural proteins participates in ADCC. Their presence might represent leftover proteins after virion assembly. To address external viral protein display and its sufficiency for antibody-dependent recognition, we utilized the endemic, cold-causing human coronavirus OC-43, a surrogate virus for SARS-CoV-2. We used NK-92-CD16A lymphocytes as killer cells, OC-43 from BEI, and infected, 51Cr-radiolabeled lung A549 cells as ADCC ‘targets’. Viral proteins were monitored by immunofluorescent microscopy. Antibodies to OC-43 included two monoclonal anti-spike S with human Fc’s, plasma from children who had OC-43 respiratory infections, rabbit affinity purified polyclonal anti-nucleocapsid N and S, and sera from unimmunized rabbits. We found that all the antibody reagents reacted with OC-43 infected cells by immunofluorescent microscopy. Labeling of external viral proteins was punctate. However, only the immune plasma and the non-immunized rabbit sera supported ADCC. The finding with anti-S was surprising since the human mAb 1249A8 anti-S could support Fc-receptor dependent phagocytosis of beads with S protein [PMID35862475]. The finding is consistent with PMID35587364, that SARS CoV-2 S was under-expressed in plasma membranes of infected cells and that depletion of anti-S from antisera from infected persons had negligible effect on ADCC. The finding with anti-N was surprising in light of PMID41060789. Conclusions are premature but the data indicate that antibodies to the S protein alone are unlikely to support ADCC to coronavirally infected cells. University of Nevada, Reno Foundation Award. Viral Immunology (VIR)

Dorothy Hudig, K. Adhikari, Kendra Cook et al. · Journal of Immunology · 0 citations

#machine learning Review Aug 2026

Training-Free Human-in-the-Loop Anomaly Detection via Memory Bank Correction

Anomaly detectors are hardest to deploy exactly where training data is scarcest: a newly commissioned production line has a handful of verified"golden"samples and no machine-learning engineer on the factory floor. We present a training-free human-in-the-loop framework in which a domain expert corrects a PatchCore detector by direct memory bank editing: no retraining, no gradients, no original training data. A false-positive correction inserts the reviewed image's normal patches through a self-calibrating novelty gate admitting only those beyond the median pool-normal nearest-neighbour distance. From a bank built on only ten golden samples, operator corrections close a median 66% of the gap to an uncorrected fully trained bank (mean 80%, raised by three categories that overshoot parity), significantly improving 12 of 15 MVTec AD categories and harming none: ten samples plus corrections outperform hundreds of samples without them. On already-trained banks the headroom is smaller and concentrated where the bank undersamples normal appearance (gated: toothbrush +0.10, metal nut +0.09, zipper +0.05, screw +0.05), and no category except grid is significantly harmed. Evaluation uses a held-out protocol (20 splits per category, Holm-corrected Wilcoxon), because corrected images entering the bank inflate naive evaluation toward AUROC 1.0 by memorisation. Passive and active querying are statistically indistinguishable; a matched-label-budget control attributes gains to deployment-time label production at 43% of exhaustive-review cost; a defect-memory extension fails decisively. Feedback is simulated from ground truth; live expert trials, where mislabelling is costliest on small banks, remain future work.

Ayusha Abbas, Saram Abbas, K. Adhikari · 0 citations