Lexical Layer Analysis in the Ghazals of Saif-e Farghani
The lexical layer is one of the layers of stratified stylistics that is applied in textual analysis. In fact, the lexical layer examines the characteristics and properties of each word. Therefore, in order to identify the style of any poet or writer, attention must be paid to the type of selection and use of words. This study aims to examine the issue of the lexical layer in the ghazals of Saif-e Farghani using a descriptive–analytical method. The results of the research indicate that the ghazal constitutes the majority of Saif-e Farghani’s poetic corpus. By employing Turkish and Mongolian words, the poet depicts the oppressive nature of this invading group and even expresses his hatred toward them. The poet’s use of sensory vocabulary exceeds that of abstract vocabulary. Since Saif’s ghazals are influenced by the Iraqi style, common words appear with high frequency. In order to create a romantic atmosphere, he employs a soft and delicate language while simultaneously using formal and elevated expressions to attract the attention of the beloved. At times, he also exhibits exaggeration in expressing affection toward the beloved, lowering his human dignity to the level of a dog and even praising a male beloved. Furthermore, among Saif’s symbolic codes, the codes of love and mysticism have the highest frequency in his ghazals, and marked and unmarked words—especially when he draws upon his local dialect—enhance the distinctiveness of his poetry. Another stylistic feature of Saif is his use of Nishapuri verb forms in his ghazals.