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Author

K. Numakura

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Review Open access Sep 2026

Primary Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Combination Therapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: Focus on Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have become a standard treatment for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). The combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab has demonstrated durable responses and survival benefits; however, approximately 20%–25% of patients exhibit primary resistance and derive limited clinical...

K. Numakura, N. Abe · 1 citation

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