Super-Twisting Sliding Mode Observer With Physics Informed Neural Network Compensation for Ultra-Low-Speed Sensor Less PMSM Drives for Electric Vehicle Applications
Ultra-low-speed sensor less control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drives remains a challenging problem because of weak back-EMF signals, parameter uncertainties, inverter nonlinearities, and external disturbances. Conventional Sliding Mode Observers (SMOs) provide strong robustness; however, they suffer...