Translational optical and electrochemical biosensing strategies for liquid biopsy in triple-negative breast Cancer: advances, challenges, and clinical implementation.
This review systematically correlates TNBC biomarkers with optimal sensing technologies, emphasizing how biomolecular properties affect sensor selection and performance and emphasizes future integration of biosensors with CTC-derived organoids, microfluidics, AI, and multiplexed detection to enable portable, clinically...