Kuo-Feng Huang

Risk-Aware Predictive–Proactive Sustainable Scheduling for Dynamic Flexible Job Shops Under Carbon and Labor Uncertainty

Dynamic flexible job shop scheduling (DFJSP) faces compound uncertainty from job arrivals, machine breakdowns, labor volatility, and fluctuating carbon signals, and reactive or expectation-based methods cannot prevent costly tail events. This study proposes a five-stage risk-aware predictive–proactive framework that co...