Ethical AI-Based Health Systems: Analysing Privacy Preserving and Post-Quantum Cryptography Standards for IoT-Based Blockchain Applications
: Smart healthcare systems integrate the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies, cloud infrastructures and advanced data analytic models to enable continuous monitoring, predictive diagnosis and intelligent decision making. However, the distributed nature of these systems, together with blockchain-based infrastructures and third-party processing, introduces significant privacy and security challenges. In parallel, the emergence of quantum computing threatens the long-term security of conventional cryptographic mechanisms. This paper examines the security vulnerabilities and threats associated with AI-based healthcare systems. It analyses privacy-preserving techniques for protecting data during processing as well as post-quantum cryptographic algorithms for secure communication and authentication. Finally, key challenges and future directions are discussed, highlighting the potential of combining homomorphic encryption and post-quantum cryptography for developing secure, resilient and hardware-efficient healthcare systems.