A modular, mechanism-informed biomarker panel for asthenozoospermia based on integrative sperm proteomics
Introduction Asthenozoospermia (AZS), defined by reduced sperm motility, is a major cause of male infertility. Comparative sperm proteomic studies of AZS versus normozoospermic men have reported differential protein expression; however, their biological interpretation remains fragmented and largely centered on individu...