From Cell Clusters to Complexity: Testicular Organoids as Emerging Platforms in Male Reproductive Research and Biotechnological Innovation.
BACKGROUND Conventional 2D cultures and animal models incompletely recapitulate the human testicular niche, limiting translation for male infertility, toxicology, and endocrine research. Limited and highly variable access to human testicular tissue restricts translational research. Testicular organoids (TOs), self-orga...