Open access
Oct 2026
Quantifying Systematic Bias in Observational Causal Estimates Using Negative Controls: The Bias Attribution Fraction
Importance. Observational studies dominate evidence in cardiovascular outcomes research, yet no widely adopted reporting standard requires authors to disclose how much of an observed association is attributable to systematic error. The negative-control calibration framework of the Observational Health Data Sciences and...
Z. Zeng, J. Wang, H. Zuo et al.
· medRxiv · 0 citations