Review
Open access
Sep 2026
Beyond the tumor microenvironment: a hierarchical immune-circuit model of immune checkpoint blockade resistance
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) produces durable tumor control in a subset of patients, yet resistance is usually interpreted through tumor-intrinsic lesions or suppression within the tumor microenvironment (TME). We propose that ICB resistance can also be organized as failure of a multiscale antitumor immune circuit...
Xue Zhao, Han Wang, Ya-Nan Liu et al.
· Frontiers in Oncology · 0 citations