Review
Open access
Aug 2026
Spatial ecotype in tumor immune exclusion: from spatial architecture to therapeutic strategies
The tumor microenvironment (TME) exhibits widespread immunophenotypic heterogeneity. Based on the spatial immune contexture, tumor immune profiles can be classified as immune-inflamed, excluded, or desert. Immune-excluded tumors, a distinct tumor immune phenotype, are characterized by the presence of immune cells (espe...
Ming Ying, Lei Zhang, Meng-Wei Jia et al.
· Molecular Cancer · 0 citations