Threshold-dependent effects of Clostridium autoethanogenum protein as the primary dietary protein source on growth, metabolism, and gut microbiota in Litopenaeus vannamei
This study comprehensively evaluated the physiological, metabolic, and microbial responses of Litopenaeus vannamei to graded levels of Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP) used as the primary dietary protein source. The shrimp were randomly assigned to five iso-lipidic experimental diets containing 32%–48% c...